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With the increase in world population man’s energy requirement has also increased. The limit to the traditional sources of energy has made it imperative for man to find out new sources of energy. The wind, the sun, the tidal waves and the atom are some of the new and non-traditional sources of energy.

Atomic or nuclear energy is obtained by splitting the heavy nucleus (Central core of an atom) of some metals like Uranium or Plutonium or by combining light nuclei of some substances like Hydrogen or Deuterium. The process of splitting is called fission and the process of combining is called fusion.

When a nucleus of the metal Uranium or Plutonium is bombarded with a Neutron (an electrically neutral particle of nucleus), it splits. If there is sufficient amount (called critical mass) of the metal, the fission takes the form of a chain reaction as a result of which the nuclei of all the atoms split within a fraction of a second. There is violent explosion and enormous energy is released in the form of light, heat and radiation.

The chain reaction which takes place by fission in the destructive device like an atom bomb is uncontrolled. When scientists succeeded in controlling the chain reaction, it was possible to use atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Generation of atomic energy through controlled chain reaction is undertaken in a plant called atomic or nuclear reactor. In an atomic reactor heat produced by the fission is used to generate electricity. Scientists have yet not been able to control fusion.

An atomic reactor uses less fuel than a thermal power plant using coal or oil. But the reactor is costly and hazardous. An accident, as the one which took place recently at Chernobyl in Russia may spread radiation far and wide, taking a heavy toll of lives. Again, scientists have not yet found a way to dispose of the radio-active waste of an atomic reactor. Because of such risks people in many parts of the world are opposing the establishment of atomic reactors.

The word “greek helmet” is actually a name for many different types of ancient war helmets that were used in battle and forged during the 7th and 8th centuries bc and into the time of the great Roman Empire.  Though the style of the helmet evolved, the main design was used for hundreds of years.

The design of Greek Helmets

Greek helmets are known by many different distinct types of helmets and these include the Corinthian, Illyrian, Chalcidian, Pilos, Petasus, Beotian, and Thracian. Of course, as the head is the most important part of the body, these war helmets were made to specifically provide ample protection to that area.|Helmets were often forged out of one piece of metal, usually bronze, and were made to give protection to the head, cheek, nose, as well as overall padding to the head. The Corinthian, Chalcidian, Pilos, Petasus, Beotian, and Thracian helmets were created with two distinct parts of metal, while other designs such as the Spartan helmet was made from one piece of metal, making it more difficult to forge.

Putting on a Greek Helmet for Battle

When the fight was about to begin, soldiers would bring the helmet over the face and head to provide resistance to sword blows and enemy missle fire, such as arrows. With the strap that goes underneath the chin, warriors were able to slip the helmet off their head to the back of their neck when not in combat.

Changes of the Greek Helmet through Time

The Corinthian helmet is generally accepted as the first Greek Helmet designed — based on archeological evidence. However, because of the large portion of metal covering the face, it severally limited the vision of wearers. Over time, the design that became the most popular  especially in battle — was the less visually restrictive Thracianor and then the Pilus Greek Helmets. Because ancient greek helmets designed with visibility in mind and less head protection, they were less detailed and required less bronze — making them cheaper and easier to manually produce in large quantities.  Do to the hand-made nature of these items, it was important to make production less labor intensive so that thousands of soldiers could wear them.

Floods, cyclone, storm, drought, excessive rain, fire, lightning and earthquakes are natural calamities. Of all these natural calamities the earthquake is the most disastrous and strikes great terror in the hearts of its victims.

Sudden and violent shaking of a part of the earth’s surface is called an earthquake. If the earthquake is mild and of moderate intensity there are mild tremors lasting only for a few seconds. It causes little or no damage. But a severe earthquake causes tremors of great intensity lasting for a few minutes and can cause great damage.

Earthquakes are caused from the cracking of rocks forming the earth’s crust on account of some internal pressure or force.

An earthquake is a terrifying sight and a horrifying experience. With the rumblings of the first tremor, terror-stricken people rush out of their houses and shelters in great panic. Houses, dams and other structures are rocked and they tumble down like houses of cards. Those who are not alert and caught unawares are crushed under falling structures or are buried under the debris. Roads and bridges crack, railway lines are twisted and uprooted. Water pipes, electric lines and gas mains are damaged. Fire and floods are the other two great dangers accompanying a severe earthquake because of the damage caused to electric lines or gas mains and because of a breach in dams. Sometimes there may be volcanic eruption from which red-hot lava gushes out and totally destroys villages and cities in its way. In such a case thousands or even lakhs of people perish. There is colossal loss of life and property.

Earthquakes usually come without any prior notice or signal and cannot be predicted. Nor is there any way to prevent them. In spite of all the scientific inventions and discoveries, man is just like a helpless child in the face of this natural calamity. The recent earthquake in Armenia (Russia) which took a heavy toll of more than one lakh people demonstrates this fact.

Prices have been rising steadily since Independence. But they have been rising faster during the last ten or fifteen years.

Rising prices called ‘inflation’ in economics cause worry to the government and hardships to people. Rising prices upset all estimates of income and expenditure made by the government.

Cost of all government projects, plans and administrative expenditure goes on increasing with the rising prices. For example, a dam which is estimated to cost Rs. 100 crores may cost Rs. 500 crores by the time it is completed. So the government has to provide more money for its projects. To provide more money it has to levy more taxes on people or to print more notes. Both these steps would cause additional burden to the people. Again, both these steps would raise the prices still higher, causing still more hardships to the people.

To mitigate the hardships caused by rising prices, people want more money. Employed people demand higher wages. If the employers do not agree to their demands, they go on a strike. If the employers agree to give more wages or salary, their cost of production increases and this results in still higher prices. More spending by people would almost raise prices. Thus there is a vicious circle. Prices push up costs and costs push up prices.

Is there no way oat? There is. But it requires a strong government to take some strong measures which the people may not like for the time being. Government must put a stop to all salary or wage rises. This would stabilize costs to some extent. Government should stop printing more notes and must reduce its expenditure drastically. This will prevent prices from going up. Production should be increased. For this there should be at least a decade of hard and disciplined work and industrial peace. All strikes and lock-outs should be banned for at least a decade. Lastly, government must take steps to stabilize the prices of food and agricultural products, because in an agricultural country like India, the whole price structure of other products stands on the prices of farm products.

Though people may at first resent these measures, they will appreciate and welcome them when they enjoy the fruits of these measures after a decade or so, when the prices will be stabilized.

The intervention is a delicate procedure for both the family members and the drug or alcohol dependant person. The risk, of course, is that the substance abuser will react with anger and resentment, thus spiraling further out of control, away from the grasp of family and friends. In some cases, poorly planned intervention strategies have resulted in a runaway, an overdose, or even a suicide. Do not let this deter you from trying, however, as the alternative is just as bad. You can arrange successful, life-saving abuse treatment if you plan properly.

The first step for an intervention is to choose the members to be involved. This group generally consists of three to eight people comprised of family members, friends, coworkers, clergy or a professional interventionist. Each person must be firmly committed and able to look the addict in the eye and say “You have a problem.” They must firmly resolve to end the cycle of enabling to really help the person. The team members must have intimate, first hand knowledge of the situation to successfully break through the addict’s denial. You must select people who have leverage and influence over the individual, who have the ability to make an emotional impact. In some cases, a seemingly helpless person like a young child could have the largest impact. Never underestimate the power of love. Prior to the intervention, a chairperson and a detail person should be chosen to facilitate the process and to keep a record of everything.

Prior to the intervention, participants will write a paragraph about what they have witnessed that has lead them to worry about the substance abuser. Facts should be clearly presented without passing judgment. Be specific about where and when a certain incident happened. A person’s emotional reaction is also encouraged. Another important step in planning is to think out all the objections the alcoholic or drug addict may raise. The team must have an answer and a solution for every possible scenario. Interventionist members must present a clear plan of action, with a specific treatment center set up and ready to admit the individual. If the center is out of state, transportation should be arranged. You should also pack a suitcase for the individual, if possible, and plan to act immediately to take the person to the treatment facility immediately if he or she agrees. The more time that elapses, the more you’re setting yourself up for ultimate failure.

The power of love, clarity and honesty in a group setting cannot be overstated. Sometimes the sheer shock that a support net has assembled with a game plan is enough to stir the substance abuser’s emotions, prompting them to spontaneously agree to substance abuse treatment, even if he or she doubts the decision on the inside. Reading books, consulting a professional interventionist and enlisting the help of various organizations can be great tools to successfully plan intervention strategies. Interventions have saved thousands of families, so why not yours?

It seems there are more and more disasters and problems in the world, yet at the same time, it also seems that an increasing number of people are interested in supporting voluntary charity organizations that operate in all areas of the world. This factor has given rise to increased career opportunities with fundraising jobs in many charitable agencies that are involved in providing services to various people and countries in need.

In general terms of employment numbers, the nonprofit charity volunteer work arena has been responsible for creating many more jobs in the past several years than most of the other sectors in the US economy. This fundraising jobs development trend has involved a great number of people from a wide variety of industries and career fields, including many who have a great deal of experience and high levels of accomplishment in various business skills.

Most of the time, those who look for fundraising jobs in charitable organizations do so because they have a drive within to support the charity work of a particular group or cause. Too often, people feel trapped in a job that they feel gives nothing of value to their community and they want to feel that they are able to use their time, skills and efforts in ways that will make a difference.

For people who are interested in making a career change by taking advantage of the fundraising jobs development movement, there are several things to keep in mind that can help you to get into a fundraiser job position that might just qualify as your dream job. One of the first things to do before pursuing a fundraising position with a charity group is to know exactly what types of charity volunteer work that you are most passionate about becoming involved in.

The most desirable candidates for fundraising jobs with nonprofit organizations are those who can speak passionately about the work of the nonprofit group they want to work with. Gain a deep knowledge and understanding of the cause that you have fervent feelings about, whether it concerns animals, the environment, health care, immigration, starvation, disaster relief, health care, or any other area that a voluntary charity work group is endeavoring to improve. The more you know, the deeper your level of conviction about the cause.

The next step is to carefully investigate those voluntary charity organizations that seem to share your concerns, vision and dedication. Start right in the town where you live and expand your research from there, going nationwide if you need to in order to find a match with your desires. These days, there are many online fundraiser job listings that are posted by nonprofit groups on large employment websites. Often these organizations also post their fundraising job development plans on their websites and if they don’t currently have the right position for you, then you can bookmark their site so you can check on it regularly.

A very good way to get an insider’s view of a voluntary charity organization is by getting involved in doing some charity volunteer work for that agency. Through volunteering, you can see from the inside how the nonprofit agency runs and get a feel for whether or not it is the type of group that you would feel good about working with in a career capacity. At the same time while volunteering, you have a chance to make connections within the group so that when the time comes that there are fundraising jobs in the organization; you will have a bit of an advantage.

There are many people who claim that being involved in a volunteer work overseas opportunity has the potential to be one of the greatest experiences of a person’s life. In almost every instance, a person returning from their volunteer work abroad stint has wonderful reports about how gratifying and rewarding it was to help people of a different country and culture. They also speak fondly of the opportunity to meet and work alongside of the other volunteers who were likewise moved by the experience.

For the most part, people who engage in overseas volunteer work typically have to pay their own way in order to have the opportunity to serve. At first glance, that can seem like somewhat of a contradiction in terms. Many people think that if they are giving up their time and their talents to a nonprofit voluntary charity organization, then they should pick up the bill to get the volunteers to their work stations overseas and to pay for their housing and incidental expenses once they are there.

In many cases, the organizations that are coordinating the volunteer work abroad programs have accommodations for the volunteers. Some of these arrangements are either at a low cost, and in some instances are even free. Sometimes the charity group is also successful at making agreements with an airline so that the volunteers can get a deep discount or a free ticket, which in turn serves as a charitable contribution to the organization.

However, it should be noted that every volunteer who works abroad is unique and the circumstances can vary considerably from location to location, and from one voluntary charity organization to another. For those who are planning to do long-term charity volunteer work, they can contact a specialized placement organization that provides placements for volunteers in various types of host organizations, such as schools, orphanages and even wildlife refuges. The volunteers usually pay a fee to the placement group, which then coordinates details of room and board, and training. Such organizations do have administrative costs and that is what the fees cover.

There are also many volunteer organizations that will coordinate more closely with the host country or the charitable organizations in that country. They undertake coordinating the service projects in total rather than only placing volunteers. The fees incurred are additionally used to directly support the funding of the service projects, or to make a donation to a partner organization that is involved in the charity work abroad.

Some people are still left wondering why those who are willing to donate their time and effort need to make financial contributions to the voluntary charity organization. The fact of the matter is that these organizations work with very limited resources and staff and many are dependent on the international volunteer force to function. This can actually make the volunteer experience even more meaningful, worthwhile and rewarding because if there were no overseas volunteer work force there would be much less important work being done around the globe.

The people who engage in volunteer work abroad typically are not there to take the place of a full-time employee of the voluntary charity organization. This is due to the fact that the volunteers generally are not fully trained upon arrival and they are usually there on a temporary basis. However, this is not to say that volunteers are not appreciated or that their efforts are not beneficial to the work of the charity.

What justification can there be for military intervention? Sometimes, a government’s greed for property gets the best of them, as was the case with the 1898 acquisition of the Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico by the US. In WWI, the US formed alliances that said “If you mess with our allies, you mess with us.” After WWII, the US vowed to never allow genocide to happen again. Once the world became globalized and companies became multinational, the US was forced to protect investments in other countries. The United States is placed in an interesting position because the nation was founded on “certain unalienable rights — life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness,” which began to seep over the boundaries into a global philosophy. Today many Americans ask, “Are we terrorizing the Middle East or liberating them?”

“We stand at the armagaddeon and we battle for the Lord,” Theodore Roosevelt yelled from the platform. He continued, “This country belongs to the people. Its resources, its business, its laws, its institutions, should be utilized, maintained, or altered in whatever manner will best promote the general interest.” The case for military intervention was to protect America from selfish interests. With American businesses opening up overseas, there was always the danger that the host country would rise against Americans overseas, thus jeopardizing American investment. This argument would be echoed by subsequent presidents as an excuse to invade the Middle East.

It’s rare for the public to support military intervention these days. The Vietnam War demonstrations and Iraq War protests are evidence of this widespread discontent. Critics of military interventions point to hypocrisy in US government policy, arguing that most of the WWII interventions carried out for “freedom” or “democracy” were actually defending dictatorships controlled by pro-US elites. US officials oversaw puppet governments in Vietnam, Central America, the Persian Gulf, Grenada and Panama, which the American people saw right through. Additionally, once reports surfaced from the front lines of atrocities committed by US soldiers during Vietnam, Americans saw that our own citizens were capable of the same sort of gruesome torture and terrorism we claimed to be fighting against. As a result, these double standards have left long-lasting distrust, discontent and even apathy among US citizens.

There can be no easy answer to the question of whether to use military intervention or not. When aggressors set their sights on America, the US has no choice but to respond with Roosevelt’s “big stick.” When political analysts speak of living in “a post-9/11 world,” they point to the difficulty of simply sitting idle, allowing the world to stew in anti-American sentiment. However, people like Noam Chomsky point out how American interventionist ambitions led to most of the violence against the country.

Army personal have been deployed for search and rescue in the flood-affected areas of Bihar. Water level has receded at many places in Bihar and people have heaved a little sigh of relief. The crops worth rupees 150 crore have been destroyed in the recent floods and the agriculture has been a major sufferer. A senior agricultural officer of the state has told that about 1.25lakh hectares of land have been affected and the crop of maize and paddy have been completely devastated.

According to the reports from Araria, about 70 villages of Narpatganj, Raniganj and Forbisganj have been completely devastated. About 20,000 people are still stuck in the waterlogged areas of these villages. Officials say that about 25,000 people have been evacuated to safety. About 10 relief camps have been put up atNarpatganj, 2 in Forbisganj and 1 in Raniganj have been set up for the relief of flood affected people.

In spite of the thousands of cusecs of water being released in the river Kosi, the water level has receded at many places. Near Sonvarsha, the national highway 117 is still waterlogged. About 80% people from Supaul, Saharsa and Madhepura have been evacuated to safer places and the estimated percentage is around 80%. 456 boats are being made operational in Supaul, 157 in Saharsa.

While the floods have rendered millions homeless, the walls of communal hatred have all been broken down. The RSS activists in Saharsa are providing Iftaar to the Muslim community in the holy month of Ramadan.

Mohammad Salahuddin of Saharsa said that he has been here in the camp for the last one week. On the other hand, about 60 saints have taken shelter in a madrasa where the arrangements for them have been made. The Muslim teachers and students have not only provided them with food and shelter but also a separate place for worship. This is the bond of humanity and this natural calamity has helped communities to come closer to each other while many of them are still searching for their nears and dears.

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In recent years it seems there has been a surge of interest about the different kinds of community volunteer work. There are many charity work voluntary organizations that do wonderful work in communities in just about every corner of the globe. There is sure to be at least one such organization that does the kind of work that you are skilled at or for which you are passionate about, therefore reaping many rewards for your service given.

Of course, you don’t have to stay in your own community in order to get involved in volunteer work. There are hundreds of thousands of people each and every year who do volunteer work abroad and find that serving in other communities is very satisfying as well. Whatever your inclination is, in this regard, there are plenty of opportunities to do voluntary charity work in communities just around the corner or all the way across the globe.

More and more often these days, people are making great use of their vacation time to go to far off lands to participate in community volunteer work. Even though some might see it as a sacrifice, those who return from such volunteer work overseas declare upon their return home that it was the experience of their lives. They will treasure the memories more than any previous trips they had taken in the past as mere tourists.

In many cases, if people decide to do volunteer work during their vacation time, then it might seem that they are headed into some wonderfully exotic locations. There are many very humble and quiet volunteers who don’t even reveal to people the true purpose of their vacation, but instead prefer to render their services without fanfare or pretension. This also means that instead of spending their vacation time in luxuriously appointed hotel rooms and sleeping in a soft bed, they are more than likely living in rather primitive conditions that don’t include air conditioning, or even showers.

In many cases, these overseas volunteer work opportunities mean that the participants will be building houses for residents of extremely poor communities, or digging ditches to bring water to the community, or trenches and pits for improving sanitary facilities. This kind of charity volunteer work is not glamorous by a long shot and is indeed dirty and backbreaking and involves long days of sweat and toil. But for many people, they come back saying it was the most exhilarating and fulfilling time of their lives.

Not all volunteer work is backbreaking and punishing as described above. There are also opportunities for overseas volunteer work that involve working in health clinics, visiting families to provide vaccinations, teaching English, or teaching other skills, such as cooking and personal hygiene. This means that there is something for just about anyone who is interested in doing charity volunteer work.

There are plenty of different types of community volunteer work programs, either locally or abroad, which one can take advantage of. Just a quick search on the internet will result in a sizeable list of programs and organizations that will gratefully accept the help of volunteers. However, you don’t have to travel to a different country to do voluntary charity work if you cannot afford international travel. There are more than enough options to keep you busy right in your own community, if you take the time to seek them out.